graphicpush

Part of the 9rules network.

Work for Hire and Freelance Web Designers

If you search across the web, you will find numerous examples of contract templates for web designers. The verbiage varies, but the core message is the same: unless you specifically transfer the copyright in the contract, you own the work that you create. This is not a concept the design industry made up—the foundation of “who owns what” is derived from current copyright law.

When I do any kind of work for a client, I retain the copyright and this is explicitly stated in my contract. For instance, this is a standard “Assignment of Copyright” blurb from my web design contract:

Copyright to the finished assembled work of web pages produced by Contractor is owned by Contractor. Upon final payment of this contract, the client is assigned rights to use as a website the design, graphics, and text contained in the finished assembled website. Rights to photos, graphics, source code, work-up files, and computer programs are specifically not transferred to the client, and remain the property of their respective owners. Contractor retains the right to display graphics and other web design elements as examples of work in his portfolio.

The client can do whatever they want with the files—they can edit, rearrange, shift, break and delete them for all I care. But they can not resell them, nor can they license them to someone else. That capability belongs to me.

Most clients are perfectly fine with this agreement. A few raise questions, but as soon as I explain that the agreement is standard copyright law and they’d sign the same thing if they hired a sculptor or a musician, they understand. A few clients, however, will ask me to sign a “work for hire” agreement.

The danger of work for hire (short for “work made for hire”) agreements is that they are ruthless in their doctrine. Essentially, whoever contracts the works owns everything—as if they had created it themselves. Under US law, every full-time employee is technically in a work for hire situation, whether they signed an agreement or not. Beyond that, Section 101 of the 1976 Copyright Act is very specific in its scope as to what qualifies as work for hire:

A work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire. For the purpose of the foregoing sentence, a “supplementary work” is a work prepared for a publication as a secondary adjunct to a work by another author for the purpose of introducing, concluding, illustrating, explaining, revising, commenting upon, or assisting in the use of the other work, such as forewords, afterwords, pictorial illustrations, maps, charts, tables, editorial notes, musical arrangements, answer material for tests, bibliographies, appendixes, and indexes; and an “instructional text” is a literary, pictorial, or graphic work prepared for publication and with the purpose of use in systematic instructional activities.

Essentially, this boils down to the following:

Websites, logos and most design projects clearly fall outside this list, so if a potential customer asks you to sign a work for hire agreement, refer them to copyright.gov.

Some clients, however, are hell-bent on retaining all copyright to a finished product. That is why they wanted a work for hire agreement in the first place. Since you own the creative work, you can call the shots on how the copyright is assigned after the work is finished. This is called an “Assignment of Copyright” and should be in every contract you send out—see my example in the beginning.

Should you decide to do business with these guys, feel free to negotiate specific terms but do not sign a work for hire agreement just to get the job. (By the way, these are easy to spot—they clearly label themselves as “work for hire.”) Instead, compromise in the Assignment of Copyright. For instance, the following text was adapted from Marstar Design’s sample contract on about.com:

Until full payment has been made, Contractor retains ownership of all original Work Product or parts contained therein, whether preliminary or final. Upon full payment, the client shall obtain ownership of the final Work Product to use and distribute as they see fit. Contractor retains the right to use the completed Work Product and any preliminary designs for the purpose of design competitions, future publications on design, educational purposes, marketing materials, and portfolio. Where applicable the client will be given any necessary credit for usage of the project elements.

This assigns the copyright to the client (what they want) but leaves the contractor free to use the artwork as promotional or teaching purposes (probably what you want). But don’t go this route unless you’re really having a tough time with the sale—giving the client full copyright is a last measure of negotiation. Offering every Joe “Two Page” Website that walks in the door full copyright is just bad business and bucking a set of laws that was designed for your benefit and protection.

In my opinion, the only exception is the design of logos. Since companies want to use their logo for everything, everywhere, assigning them the copyright so they can file for a trademark is only natural. Trying to retain the copyright for a corporate mark will make you look like a jerk—and very unappealing for future work.

This entry is not comprehensive by any means, nor is meant to offer any kind of official or specific legal advice, but the work for hire situation keeps coming up with my clients and associates and I wanted to address it publicly. My one piece of advice to any freelancer is to understand the law. The situation will come up, and it’s better to enter negotiations with knowledge of the law than to blindly sign a contract. Work for hire has its place. It exists for a reason. But 99% of the time it’s not acceptable (or even legally enforceable) for freelance designers.

There are other resources on the web from people much smarter than me. I suggest reading the following:

Comments.

Chris K
wrote the following on Friday July 1, 2005

There’s no excuse for us not knowing what of our work is protected and how to go about communicating it to clients. I couldn’t have worded it any better (I fact I haven’t). I will now be cutting ans pasting parts of this entry into future contracts instead of the garble I usually write. Thanks.

Chris
wrote the following on Friday July 1, 2005

I love this site. I am thinking in the next 3-6 months to give it a go solo and stuff like this is so valuable and this is the only decent site that deals with this stuff from a real world perpective.

keep up the GREAT work.

Kevin
wrote the following on Saturday July 2, 2005

Glad I could help. I think there’s a lack of material written from the “in the trenches” perspective and I do my best to fill that hole.

Chris
wrote the following on Saturday July 2, 2005

I 100% agree.

Most designers think everything they do is a trade secret. Everything is so hush hush that when you try to find how to do things no one will help because they think there going to lose business.

Thanks for taking a more mature approach to business. :)

PJ Brunet
wrote the following on Saturday July 2, 2005

One of my first design jobs I spent hours with Photoshop 2.0 path tool to get this scanned logo perfectly crisp, I had drawn the logo with an ink pen, then scanned it in with an old 3-pass flatbed.

I uploaded it to the company webserver, then the owner started playing games with me, for some reason he even came to my apartment and I told him (with his girlfriend right there) that I wouldn’t do business with a liar. They wanted to keep the logo I had done, they hadn’t realized how much time I put into it, they just thought that image had materialized out of nowhere, most people have no idea the # of hours we put into these seemingly simple graphics. I still had access to the server and deleted all my work. The logo was for a limo company, for years I’d see my drawing being used on all the limos in the black windows in shiny silver letters… Ha!

Ahh the memories.

Neil Patel
wrote the following on Tuesday October 4, 2005

It is worth knowing the laws and wording your contracts right. It is worth having a lawyer write a general contract that you can modify and send out to all of your design clients because the last thing you want is to be screwed over.

cornelle perry
wrote the following on Monday May 8, 2006

I want get a webpage made. Its of my handmake jewerly. Have no idea where to start or how to start, I live in Okla. & know none here who does such. Can u give me any advice. I mint add I know nothing about computer other than email. I have no cd deal, or printer.

Alpha Diallo
wrote the following on Sunday May 21, 2006

This is a very interesting topic. I once did some web design work for a client that I found at http://www.Project4Hire.com and he specifically asked to own the copyright of the work.
I agreed and designed his website.
Later, I designed a similar website for another client and somehow the first client found out and threatened to sue me for creating a website similar to his!!!

Scooter
wrote the following on Monday January 15, 2007

I have a client asking for the editable files when I’m done with his website. I don’t mind (that much) giving him the HTML, JPG and GIF files. But I do not want to give up the native Photoshop and Fireworks files. Those require too much skill and time and are unique to my talents. Also, I wanted the right to re-use the navigational elements or structure on other websites. So I edited the Marstar’s Design Contract example above to read:

Until full payment has been made, Contractor retains ownership of all original Website Content or parts contained therein, whether preliminary or final. Upon full payment, Client shall obtain ownership of the final Website Content to include: all text, editable HTML files and all associated JPG and GIF graphic files. Client may use and distribute Website Content as they see fit. Consultant retains the right to use the completed Website Content and any preliminary designs for the purpose of design competitions, marketing materials, and portfolio. Where applicable, Client will be given any necessary credit for usage of the project elements. Consultant retains the right to use similar navigational devices, menus, menu structure or arrangements, icons, and other operational components of the Website on websites other than that of Client’s.

mara
wrote the following on Thursday February 21, 2008

to the above poster, thanks for putting that example text. I’m struggling with this one myself with a current client. This seems reasonable enough!

david
wrote the following on Saturday March 22, 2008

I am having a little bit of trouble in this area as well. I wrote up a contract based on the about.com version for graphic design. It does state that until final payment is received, I retain the copyright. I need to revise some other areas after reading above.

My current problem is with a client I had done 10 projects for, 9 of which without a deposit, which is also stated in the contract as work will begin once deposit is received. I told him that I would just bill him at the end of the month—to make things easier with Christmas holidays and my traveling. I sent him the designs and he said that the checks were sent, but weeks went by without any money—besides the initial project. After a month and a letter from him saying he wasn’t going to pay anymore, I filed suit in small claims. Now he is claiming that it was work for hire and is countersuing. From what I have read above and the links to copyright.gov he had to have me sign a contract of his own to keep me as work for hire—which he didn’t. My contract was sent to him, but was never signed. I do have email proof that he received it, but somehow it slipped through the cracks without an actual signature. He is also claiming that there were text errors in some of the print material, however, I have emailed confirmation of “no changes—send to print” for each job with the attached final file. He is stating that all emails (or his approval) is fraudulent and that I created these emails in photoshop. I do have all of the emails to/from saved in an mbox and backed up on multiple hard drives to present to the judge.

Tom
wrote the following on Thursday March 27, 2008

David, you made a lot of classic mistakes of a newbie.

Why have a contract if you will work without a signature? Why work without a deposit if the contract specifies it is needed? This signals to the con artists out there that you are not business savvy and can be conned.

The good thing is you did save your correspondence, and that signifies that he approved the work which was based on something, even if he denies it.

I recommend getting yourself a copy of Pricing and Ethical Guidelines and using a good solid contract—and really use it.

Good luck with small claims.

david
wrote the following on Sunday March 30, 2008

I know my mistake was following up on the signed contract; however, I do think he returned one signed and it was misplaced.

One thing that a lot of graphic artists have problems with is when to charge for individual jobs and when to move a client into a ‘‘retainer’‘ type billing period. Eight of the projects were not definite at the time and instead of waiting to quote each small job, it seemed logical to bill once we knew what was to be done, especially since I already received some money from the guy.

I should have gotten another $1000 down as we saw the need for more hours, but I did receive information that the checks were mailed out at the end. I had already dealt with the client previously and I would never do anything with a new client without deposit or start a retainer relationship with someone I haven’t had dealings with.

PS: In my case, the judge didn’t care if there was a signed contract in hand or not and that the client owed me the full amount—especially seeing the amount and quality of the work. I got a ‘‘pat on the back’‘ as to my detailed record keeping. Make sure you keep all incoming and outgoing emails at all times!

Shane
wrote the following on Tuesday April 8, 2008

I have a question for everyone.
I agreed to develop a project for a client and due to issues that arose personally I have not been able to complete the project and I refunded the money to the client. He is now threatening to sue for more money because he states that he has spent other moeny in prep for the project.
Is this possible?

Jacob Cass
wrote the following on Thursday April 10, 2008

This is a great resource that should actually be taught in design schools. It is a shame that it is not. I have just had to research spec work and came across your article and then this one. It has helped greatly. Cheers!

Tom
wrote the following on Sunday May 25, 2008

Shane-

It doesn’t make sense to sue you. He can still hire someone else and finish the project, regardless of what his own expenses are, right? It’s his liability. not yours. He should be grateful that you refunded the money.

milo
wrote the following on Saturday July 26, 2008

Best thing to do:

hire a lawyer and give him explicit insight how your and your clients role should be fixed within the contract.

Mine is five pages long and covers almost every case possible.

Add Your Comment



This is not spam
Remember
wrote the following on Saturday July 26, 2008

Metadata.

  • Posted: Friday July 1, 2005
  • Category: Business
  • Comments: 17

Synopsis

Work for hire is a controversial subject in the legal world of graphic design. Technically it doesn’t apply to us, yet clients keep asking freelancers to sign these strict and one-sided agreements.

Socialize



Sponsors

Highrise

Job Opportunities

Full-time and freelance job opportunities available at Authentic Jobs:

Post a job and reach web professionals everywhere.